PREFACE
THE treasures of ancient high
art lately unearthed at
That long-lost origin and early history of our ancestors, the Britons, Scots and Anglo-Saxons, in the "Prehistoric" and Pre-Roman periods, back to about 3000 B.C., are now recovered to a great extent in the present work, by means of newly discovered historical evidence. And so far from those ancestral Britons having been mere "painted savages roaming wild in the woods," as we are imaginatively told in most of the modern history books, they are now on the contrary disclosed by the newly found historical facts to have been from the very first grounding of their galley keels upon Old Albion's shores, over a millennium and a half of years before the Christian era, a highly civilized and literate race, pioneers of Civilization, and a branch of the famous Phoenicians.
In the course of my
researches into the fascinating problem of the Lost Origin of the Aryans, the
fair, long-headed North European race, the traditional ancestors of our
forbears of the Brito-Scandinavian race who gave to
v
p. vi: PREFACE
researches to which I have devoted the
greater part of my life, and my entire time for the past sixteen years‑-I
ascertained that the Phoenicians were Aryans in race. That is to say, they were
of the fair and long‑headed civilizing "Northern" race, the
reality of whose existence was conclusively confirmed and established by
Huxley, who proved that
"There was and is an Aryan Race, that is to say, the characteristic modes of speech,
termed Aryan, were developed among the Blond Long‑heads
alone, however much some of them may have been modified by the importation of
Non‑Aryan elements."
("The
Aryan Question" in Nineteenth Century, 1890. 766.)
Thus the daring Phoenician pioneer mariners who,
with splendid courage, in their small winged galleys, first explored the wide
seas and confines of the Unknown Ancient World, and of whose great
contributions to the civilization of Greece and Rome classic writers speak in
glowing terms, were, I found by indisputable inscriptional and other evidence, not Semites as hitherto supposed, but were
Aryans in Race, Speech and Script. They were, besides, disclosed to be the
lineal blood‑ancestors of the Britons and Scots‑-properly so‑called,
that is, as opposed to the aboriginal dark Non‑Aryan people of
This discovery, of far‑reaching effect upon
the history of European Civilization, and of Britain in particular, was
announced in a summary of some of the results of my researches on Aryan Origins
in the "Asiatic Review" for 1917 (pp. 197f.). And it is now
strikingly confirmed and established by the discovery of hitherto undeciphered Phoenician and Sumerian inscriptions in
Britain (the first to be recorded in Britain), and by a mass of associated
historical evidence from a great variety of original sources, including
hitherto uninterpreted pre‑Roman‑Briton
coins and contemporary inscriptions, most of which is now published for the
first time.
In one of these inscriptions, a bi‑lingual
Phoenician inscription in Scotland of about 400 B.C., now deciphered and
translated for the first time, its author, in dedicating a votive monument to
the Sun‑god Bel, calls himself by all three
titles "Phoenician," "Briton" and "Scot"; and
p. vii: PREFACE
records his personal name and
native town in
This British‑Phoenician prince from Cilicia is, moreover, disclosed in his own inscription in
Scotland to be the actual historical original of the traditional "Part‑olon king of the Scots," who, according to the Ancient
British Chronicles of Geoffrey and Nennius and the
legends of the Irish Scots, came with a fleet of colonists from the
Mediterranean and arrived in Erin, after having cruised round the Orkneys (not
far distant from the site where this Phoenician monument stands) and colonized
and civilized Ireland, about four centuries before the Roman occupation of
Britain. And he is actually called in this inscription "Part‑olon" by a fuller early form of that name.
This uniquely important British‑Phoenician
inscription, whilst incidentally extending back the existence of the Scots in
Scotland for over eight centuries beyond the period hitherto known for them to
our modern historians, and disclosing their Phoenician origin, at the same time
rehabilitates the genuineness of the traditional indigenous British Chronicles
as preserved by Geoffrey of Monmouth and Nennius.
These chronicles, although formerly accorded universal credence in
This ascertained agreement of the traditional
British Chronicles with leading ascertained facts of pre‑Roman British
History wherever it can be tested, presumes a similarly genuine character also
for the leading events in the earlier tradition. This begins with the arrival
of "King Brutus‑the‑Trojan" and his "Briton" colonists
with their wives and families in a great fleet from the
p. viii: PREFACE
tion of
Fully to appreciate the historical significance of
these long‑undeciphered Phoenician and Sumerian
inscriptions in Britain, and their associated evidence, it is necessary to have
some general acquaintance with the results of my researches into the racial
origin and previously unknown early history and world activities of the
Phoenicians for a period of over two thousand years beyond that hitherto known
to our historians. I, therefore, give in the introductory chapter a brief
summary of the manner in which I was led to discover that the Phoenicians were
Aryan in Race, Speech and Script, and were of vast antiquity, dating. back from the testimony of their own still existing
inscribed monuments to about 3100 B.C.
My new historial [sic] keys to the origin and "prehistoric"
activities of the Phoenicians in early Europe disclose these virile ancestral
pioneers of the Higher Civilization as no mere dead figures in a buried past,
but instinct with life and human interests, adventurously exploring and
exploiting the commercial possibilities of the various regions along the
unknown seas of the Old World; and indicating to us at the present day the
paths which led to the propagation and progress of the Higher Civilization over
the World.
Starting from the solid new ground of the positive,
concrete, historical inscriptions, we are led by the clues thus gained to
p. ix: PREFACE
fresh clues which open up for us, as we proceed, new
and unsuspected avenues of evidence, disclosing rich mines of untapped
historical material, written and unwritten. These clues lead us from Britain
back to the Phoenician and Hittite homeland of the Aryan Phoenician Britons in
Syria, Phoenicia and Asia Minor of St. George of Cappadocia (and England), and
there offer us the solutions to most of the long‑outstanding problems in
regard to the origin of the Ancient Britons and the source and meaning of our
ancestral British folklore, national emblems and patron saints.
In this way we gain not only a fairly intimate
knowledge of the personalities of the Early Aryan Phoenicians who, as the ancestral
Britons and Scots, colonized and civilized Britain, and the historical reasons
for their various waves of migration hither with wholesale transplantation of
their cults, institutions and names on British soil. We gain at the same time a
considerable new insight into the remoter origin and racial character of the
pre‑Briton, non‑Aryan aborigines of the British Isles in the Stone
Age and their relation to the Picts and Celts which
unravels to a great extent the hopeless tangle in which the question of the
aboriginal races in Britain has hitherto become involved.
In thus enlarging, not inconsiderably, the
boundaries of Clio's domain in
Archaeologically are disclosed the racial character,
original homeland and approximate dates of our ancestral erectors of the
prehistoric Stone Circles in the
p. x: PREFACE
literary records of our ancestors,
and gives us a vivid picture of the exalted ideals which already ruled their
lives in those far‑distant days. Relatively fixed data are obtained for
the much‑conjectured beginning of the Bronze Age in
Historically, besides recovering the approximate
dates of the chief waves of Aryan‑Briton invasions, and the political
causes apparently leading to these invasions, we recover and establish the
historicity, names, achievements and dates of a great number of the chief kings
and heroes of the Ancient Britons in what has hitherto been considered "the prehistoric period." Amongst other results
is the interpretation of the unexplained legends and the wholly unknown origin
and meaning of the symbols stamped upon the very numerous coins of the Ancient
Britons in the pre‑Roman period, and now disclosed for the first time.
In British National Patron Saints and emblems of
Phoenician origin are now found to be St. George of Cappadocia and England and
his Dragon legend and his Red Cross; also the Crosses of St. Andrew and St.
Patrick, now forming with St. George's the Union Jack and the kindred
Scandinavian ensigns, all of which crosses are found to have been carried by
the Phoenicians as their sacred standards of victory and imported and
transplanted by them in the remote past on to British soil. "Britannia" also is discovered to have been evolved by the ancient
sea‑going Phoenicians as their patronymic tutelary goddess, and under
the same name and with substantially the same form of representation as the
British "Britannia." And the Phoenician origin and hitherto unknown
p. xi: PREFACE
meaning of the Unicorn and Lion
emblems in British heraldry are now disclosed for the first time.
Linguistically, we now find that the English,
Scottish, Irish, Gaelic, Cymric, Gothic and Anglo‑Saxon
languages and their script, and the whole family of the so‑called "Aryan"
languages with their written letters, are derived from the Aryan Phoenician
language and script through their parent, the "Hittite" or Sumerian; and that about fifty per cent of the commonest words in use in the "English"
Language to‑day are discovered to be Sumerian, "Cymrian"
or Hittite in origin, with the same word‑form, sound and meaning. This
fact is freely illustrated in these pages, as critical words occur incidentally
as we proceed. And it is found that the English and "Doric" Scottish
dialects preserve the original Aryan or "Sumerian" form of words more
faithfully than either the Sanskrit or Greek. The Phoenician origin of the
ancient sacred "Ogam" script of the pre‑Christian monuments in the
In Religion, it is now found that the exalted
religion of the Aryan Phoenicians, the so‑called "Sun‑worship,"
with its lofty ethics and belief in a future life with resurrection from the
dead, was widely prevalent in early
p. xii: PREFACE
explains the solar "wheeled" Cross, the
so‑called "Celtic" Cross, and the Red Cross of St. George, the
Fiery Cross of the Scottish clans, the Bel Fire rites
still surviving in the remoter parts of these islands at the summer solstice,
and the numerous True Crosses with solar symbols stamped upon the ancient
Briton coins of the "Catti" and "Cassi" kings of the pre‑Roman and pre‑Christian
periods in Britain.
Geographically, the topography of the "prehistoric"
distribution of the early Aryan Phoenician settlements throughout Ancient
Britain is recovered by the incidence of their patronymic and ethnic names in
the oldest Aryan place, river and ethnic names in relation to the prehistoric
Stone Circles and monuments, before the thick upcrop
of later and modern town and village names had submerged or obscured the early
Aryan names on the map. The transplantation by the Phoenician colonists of old
cherished homeland names from
In Economics and Science, the Hitto‑Phoenician
Aryan origin of our ordered agricultural and industrial life becomes evident.
And the old British tradition is confirmed that
In Art, a like origin is disclosed for many of the
motives in our modern decorative art. The religious solar meaning of the "key‑patterns" and spiral designs is
elicited for the first time. And the art displayed by the Ancient Britons in
the pre‑Roman period is found to be based upon Hitto-Phoenician
models, and to be of a much higher standard than in the Anglo‑Saxon and
"mediaeval" period in
Politically, the newly discovered racial link,
uniting the
p. xiii: PREFACE
(or "Britons") of India-‑still
called "The Land of the Barats"-‑through
the blood‑kinship with the ruling chiefs of India now revealed and
established, should favourably determine the latter,
in these days of Indian unrest, to remain within the fellowship of the British
Commonwealth, which is now shown to have retained the real "Swaraj"
elements of the old progressive ancestral Barat
Civilization in a much purer form than the Indian branch. And the intimate
kinship of the Britons and British, properly so‑called, with the Norse‑-the
joint preservers of the ancestral Gothic epics, the Eddas-‑is
now disclosed to be much closer and much more ancient than has hitherto been
suspected; and long before the Viking Age.
Classic Legend and Myth is to some extent
rehabilitated by finding that some of the great heroes and demi‑gods
of Homer had a historical human origin in the personalities and achievements of
famous Early Aryan and Barat Kings, whose actual
dates are now recovered.
The Psychologist and Eugenist
may probably find a somewhat clearer standpoint for observing the effect of
the mixing of racial elements in the composite British Nation, and in regard to
the question of the racial element making for real progress in the complex
conditions of our modern National Life.
Amongst the many minor effects of the discovery of
the Aryan racial character of the Phoenicians and their merchant princes now
disclosed, it would appear that the beautiful painting by Lord Leighton which
adorns the walls of the Royal Exchange in London, portraying the opening of the
Trade era in Britain, now requires an exchange of complexions between the
aborigines of Albion and the Phoenician merchants, as well as some slight nasal
readjustment in the latter to the Aryan type.
In thus opening up for us lost vistas of history
adown the ages, and lifting considerably higher than before the dense veil that
hung so long over the origin and ancestry of the composite races now forming
the British Nation, the newfound historical evidence suggests that the modern
Aryan-Britons or British, more fully than the other descendants
p. xiv: PREFACE
of the Phoenicians, have inherited the sea‑faring
aptitudes and adventurous spirit of that foremost race of the Ancient World;
and that the maritime supremacy of Britain, under her Phoenician tutelary
Britannia, has been mainly kept alive by the lineal blood‑descendants of
these Aryan Phoenician ancestors of the Britons and the Scots and Anglo‑Saxons.
In traversing such wide and varied fields of
research in so many different specialized departments of culture and civilization,
wherein a great mass of the new uncoordinated knowledge, laboriously unearthed
by countless modern archaeologists working in separate water‑tight
compartments, now receives a new orientation, it is scarcely possible that one
individual, however careful, in such a pioneer exploration for the path of
Truth along this vastly complex problem, can escape falling into errors in some
details. But no pains have been spared to minimize such possibilities, and it
is believed that such errors of commission, if they do occur, are relatively
few and immaterial, and do not at all affect the main conclusions reached,
which are so clearly established by the mass of cumulative historical evidence.
The long delay in publishing these discoveries,
which were mostly made many years ago, has been owing to the vast scope of this
exploration over so many wide fields, with the re‑orientation of much of
the mass of knowledge unearthed by countless archaeologists working in
specialized but isolated and uncoordinated departments. To this has been added
the necessity for my acquiring a working knowledge of the ancient scripts and
languages in which the original ancient inscriptions and records were written,
in order to revise at first hand the spelling of the proper names in the
original records in the Cuneiform and its parent the Sumerian hieroglyphic
script, also in the "Akkadian," Hittite,
hieroglyph Egyptian, Cretan, Cyprian, Iberian, Runic Gothic, Ogam, and the so‑called Phoenician Semitic, and its
allied Aramaic and Hebrew scripts, in addition to the Indian Pali and Sanskrit. This has entailed the spending of many
additional years in strenuous toil for the necessary equipment for this pioneer
exploration from the Aryan standpoint, as disclosed by my new historical keys
found embedded in the
p. xv: PREFACE
Indian Sanskrit Vedas and
Epics.
And it has‑been supplemented by actual visitation of some of the chief
sites in the ancient homeland of the Phoenicians and Hitto‑Sumerians
in
And here I gratefully acknowledge the great obligations I owe to my friend Dr. Islay Burns Muirhead, M.A., who from first to last has favoured me with his helpful candid criticism on many of the details of the discoveries, with not a few suggestive comments, some of which I have gladly incorporated in these pages, and whose unflagging interest in the progress of the work has been a constant source of encouragement. I am also indebted to the courtesy of the several authorities mentioned in the text, for replying to my enquiries and permitting the use of a few of the illustrations. A list of the chief authorities and publications referred to is given at the end of the work.
L. A. WADDELL.
January, 1924.
FIG. A.‑-Sun‑horse
of Phoenician FIG.
B.‑-Ancient Briton Coin of
his Cross vanquishing
Dragon, also
inscribed DIAS.
inscribed DIAS' in Sumerian, (After
J. Evans, E.C.B., pl. 6. 14.)
with equivalent 5
"cup‑marks." The
Cross, Goat, and 5 "cup‑marks" of Michael
From Hittite seal of about 2000 B.C. appear in others of these Coins. Thus see the
(After Delaporte,
D.C.O., pl. 89. 2.) 5
"cups" behind horse on the Briton coin on
back
of cover, and Figs. 3, 43A, 61, 64, 65, &c.